Role of Ultrasound in Diagnosis of Thoracic Outlet Syndrome: A Review Article

Abstract

Neurogenic thoracic outlet syndrome (nTOS), characterized by brachial plexus compression within the thoracic outlet, poses diagnostic challenges due to its variable symptoms and lack of standardized criteria. Ultrasound has emerged as a valuable diagnostic tool, offering dynamic imaging, high-resolution visualization of soft tissues, and differentiation between neurogenic and vascular forms. We reviewed the literature regarding ultrasound's role in nTOS diagnosis. Ultrasound's dynamic assessment aids in understanding nerve and vessel compression during arm movements, providing insights beyond static imaging. High-resolution imaging detects structural anomalies contributing to nTOS and reveals direct and indirect signs, such as brachial plexus or vessel compression. Varied findings exist regarding ultrasound sensitivity and specificity. Despite potential benefits, controversy remains, highlighting the need for further research to establish standardized protocols, refine techniques, and explore integrated diagnostic approaches for nTOS.